descriptive,narrative,recount,report,procedure,advertisement,announcement,letter,invitation,brochure.

1. Descriptive Text

I. The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like.

II. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
1. Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.

2. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

III. Specific Text; Specific participant has a certain object, is not common and unique (only one) for example: Bandengan beach, my house, Borobudur temple, uncle Jim

IV. Purpose; to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

V. Example:

MY SPHYNX CAT

My Sphynx cat is the only pet I have. He has a little hair but is not totally hairless as he has a peach fuzz over much of his body. His coat is often a warm chamois. My Sphynx has a normal cat proportion.

I like his tail although my mom say that it is like a rats tail. I love his usual colour varieties including, tortoiseshell, chocolate, black, blue, lilac, chocolate etc. He is really an amazing cat. Believe it or not, he is very intelligent cat. He can respond my voice commands.

He is really funny as well as my friends get a joke. I love him so much as I love my mother

2. Recount Text

I. Definition of Recount
Recount text is text that retell about a story, experience, and other. recount text use simple past tense or past perfect tense in its phrase. recount text retell about past event. recount text use adverbs of time, for example : when, one day, once upon a time, last holiday , after, before, and other. its very easy to different recount text from another text. you can make recount text from your story.

II. Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

III. Specific Text; The basic recount consists of three parts:

a. the setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?

b. events are identified and described in chronological order.

c. concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events described

IV. Purpose; The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened (chronological order). Recounts are written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).

V. Example:

A Beautiful Day at Jogja

Last week, my friends and I went to Jogja. We visited many places.

First, we visited Parangtritis beach. The sun shone brightly and the scenery was very beautiful there. We felt the wind blew across to us. We also saw a lot of people in that beach. There were many birds flew in the sky. Also, there were many sellers who sold many kinds of souvenirs. Second, we visited Gembira Loka Zoo. We saw many kinds of animals there such as monkeys, tigers, crocodiles, snakes, etc. We looked around in that Zoo, and also took pictures of those animals. Then, we felt hungry, so we went to a restaurant. As soon as we finished our lunch, we decided to go home.

For me, that was a beautiful day. we really enjoyed it, and I hope I could visit Jogja again.

3. Procedure Text

I. Definition of Procedure Text

Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

II. Generic Structure of Procedure

1. Goal: showing the purpose

2. Material: Telling the needed materials

3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

III. Specific Text; (1)Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules. (3) Texts that deal with human behaviour eg how to live happily, how to succeed.

IV. Purpose; The purpose procedural text is to tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense. The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.

V. Example:

NASI GORENG "FRIED RICE"

Nasi goreng, "fried rice" is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to prepare nasi goreng this is the procedure how to make nasi goreng. Just follow this explanation :

Ingredients :

■350 gr. Long Grain Rice

■2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil

■3 Eggs

■1 Onion

■2 Green Chillis, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak.

■1 Garlic Clove

■1 Leek

■1 teaspoon Ground Coriander

■1 teaspoon Ground Cumin

■250 gr. Chicken meat

■250 gr. Shelled Prawns

■3 Tbs. Kecap Manis

Steps :

This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy.

4. Narrative

I. Definition of Narrative

Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.

II. Generic Structure of Narrative

A narrative text will consists of the following structure:

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place

2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with

3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse

III. Specific Text;

- Adjectives - to describe nouns – heavy, frosty, transparent, grumpy
- Adverbs – to describe verbs – quickly, secretly, quietly, energetically, suddenly
- Similes – to compare one thing with another, using like or as …

IV. Purpose; A narrative serves to entertain or inform readers by telling them a story.

V. Example:

The Legend of Rawa Pening

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

5. Report Text

I. Definition of Report

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

II. Generic Structure of Report

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

III. Specific Text; A Report must be completed at the time of Continuing Review and/or Renewal and at any time thereafter if there is a change in circumstances once the project has begun.

IV. Purpose; Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.

V. Example:

Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn.

In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in Canada. Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of

November in the U.S and on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five days in the North America and for three days in Canada.

It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.

6. Letter

I. Definition of Letter

a. A character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech; any of the symbols of an alphabet.

b. A written symbol or character representing a speech sound and being a component of an alphabet.

c. A written symbol or character used in the graphemic representation of a word

II. Generic Structure of Report

Not all social and business letters feature the exact conventional structured format as outlined below. A social letter, for example, would likely not include an address heading, an inside address or a subject line. An informal business letter may not include a subject line, a postscript or a notation.

A letter written in good taste strikes a balance between the conventional format and the writer’s own personal style. While it is convenient for the reader to read a letter structured in the conventional format, as outlined below, slight adaptations are accepted.

1. Address Heading
This is the writer’s full address. Business letters usually have preprinted, letterhead stationary which contains this information. An address heading is optional for informal letters.

2. Date
This is the month, day and year that the letter is written on.

3. Inside Address
The recipient’s full name and address. Generally, informal letters do not include an inside address.
*Note: Refer to Addressing Persons of Title when writing letters to these people.

4. Attention
With formal letters, the "Attention: [full name of recipient]" is placed two spaces below the inside address.

5. Greeting
Also known as the “salutation,” this is the introductory phrase, “Dear [name of recipient].” Either a comma or a colon can be used at the end of this phrase. Today, a comma is more extensively used, with the exception of the use of a title only, not a proper name. (i.e. “Dear Member:”). In this case, the use of a colon would be more appropriate.
*Note: Refer to Addressing Persons of Title when writing letters to these people.

6. Subject line
A word or phrase to indicate the main subject of the letter, which is preceded by the word “Subject:” or “Re:” (Latin for “matter”). Subject lines may be emphasized by underlining, using bold font, or all capital letters. They can be alternatively located directly after the "inside address," before the "greeting." Informal or social letters rarely include a subject line.

7. Body
The complete text of the letter; the subject matter content.

8. Closing
This is the farewell phrase or word that precedes the signature and is followed by a comma. Closing should reflect a type of farewell or goodbye as writer signs off. Examples: “Yours truly,” “Sincerely yours,” “Regards,” etc.
*Note: "Thank you," is not considered an appropriate closing for a formal or business letter.

9. Signature
The signed name of the writer. Formal or business letters include the full name of the writer printed below the signed name and most often include the writer’s title and/or professional designations.

10. Postscript
Is a brief sentence or paragraph introduced by the initials, “P.S.” (post scriptus) - Latin for “after having been written.” It implies that the writer, having completed and signed the letter, had an after-thought. Although this is still commonly used in informal letters, it is not widely accepted for use in formal or business letters.

11. Notation
Part of a formal or business letter consisting of brief words or abbreviations as notations.

II. Specific Text;

a. Briefly outline the issue that you are writing about.

b. Include your opinion.

Example:

6103 Oliver Loving Trail

Austin, Texas

October 30, 1996

Dr. Art Ratzel

Division 1513

Sandia National Labs

P. O. Box 5800

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185

Dr. Art Ratzel:

In last month's issue of Undergraduate Engineer, Sandia National Laboratories advertised positions for a summer undergraduate research program that is to begin in June 1997. Would you please consider me for such a position with your solar thermal division? I am a junior in mechanical engineering at the University of Texas, and my emphasis is in thermal fluids (see enclosed résumé).

In reading about Sandia, I learned of the solar thermal work in your division. Solar thermal technology interests me greatly. While here at the University of Texas, I have taken a course in solar energy applications. My project for that course--the comparison of heat transfer fluids for a solar thermal power plant--specifically pertains to your division's work.

After completing my bachelor of science here at the University of Texas, I plan to attend graduate school because I am interested in research. Last summer, I had the opportunity to work at Balcones Research Center in Austin and enjoyed the work and atmosphere associated with research. Given that Sandia National Laboratories is the foremost engineering research laboratory in the country, I would welcome the chance to work for you.

Thank you for your consideration, and if you have any questions, please feel free to write, email, or phone.

Sincerely,

Brad Smith

7. Announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen. It provides complete and clear information about certain events or occation.

Generic structure/ points of an announcement:

1.The title or type of event

2.Date or time, place

3.Contact person

Purpose:The purpose of announcements is to inform other members what is going on with the forum and other members.

Example:

8.Invitation

There are several meaning about Invitation:

Invitation is a document, written or printed or spoken words, conveying the message by which one is invited.The act of inviting; the requesting of a person’s company; as an invitation to a party, dinner, or to visit a friend.Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

There are Two (2) Types of Invitation:

•Formal Invitation : is usually originate from institute, companies, and kind of it. Normally, Formal Invitation is written invitation.

•Informal Invitation: is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal Invitation can be written invitation or verbal invitation.

How To Express The Invitation?

–> EXTENDING/INVITE

•Let’s go to the Jakarta Fair!

•I hope you’ll come to my party.

•Please try to come.

•Would you like to come to my house?

•Would you like to join us?

•Are you free this afternoon?

•I would like to invite you to…

–> ACCEPTING

•I’d love to.

•I like that.

•It sounds interesting.

•It’s very nice of you to invite me.

•That would be wonderful.

•That sounds great.

•Thank you for the invitation.

–> REFUSING

•I’d love to, but I can’t.

•Sorry, I’m really busy.

•I’d love to, but I have many homeworks.

•I’m afraid I can’t.

•I’m really sorry.

•I’d love to, but I won’t be able to come, because…

Example:

To:Someone

Hi!!

Please come to my new shop!

It’s the cookies shop named,

“Chocolate Chu”

Time : 5 p.m

Days : Dec,22^nd 2013

Address : Jl.tjilik riwut km.2 no.9

Regards,

Kiki rizky

9.Advertisement

I. Definition

To call the public's attention to your business, usually for the purpose of selling products or services, through the use of various forms of media, such as print or broadcast notices

II. Generic Structure of Report

In general, an advertisement consists of five parts: headline,subheads，bodycopy, slogan,closing. They play different roles and serve different purposes and hence may not be equally important, but none is dispensable

III. Specific Text;

Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio, television, and internet.

IV. Purpose;

· Make customers aware of your product or service;

· Convince customers that your company's product or service is right for their needs;

· Create a desire for your product or service;

· Enhance the image of your company;

· Announce new products or services;

· Reinforce salespeople's messages;

· Make customers take the next step (ask for more information, request a sample, place an order, and so on); and

· Draw customers to your business.

V. Example:

Hult International Business School - FREE MASTER & MBA ADMISION SEMINAR

19 January 2013

What DO You Need To Have A Global Career?

Come to Our FREE seminar and take your first step to successful GLOBAL CAREER

Speaker : Mariano Demartino - Director of Admission APAC for Masters, Hult International Business School

Date : Saturday, 19 January 2013
Time : 12.30 – 14.00
Venue : World Trade Center Lt 10
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 29-31
Jakarta, 12920

What you WILL get at the event :

- USD 3,000 discount Tuition Fee
- Personal Admission Interview
- Scholarship AVAILABLE
- FREE TOEFL ® Test Simulation By KAPLAN

Bring your CV, personal statement and transcripts and get FREE application fee (USD 150).

Contact:
Call: 021 – 5211251
SMS/whatsapp: 087733897378
BBM : 2944C3C5

YM: luna.chantique
Skype: lunachantique

10.Brochure

The brochure is one of the best ways to present your company. There are tri-fold brochures used to advertise a new product or service that your company offers, or there are bi-fold folders that are used to present your company projects outside or inside it. There are different brochure types, and every type has a different way to be designed. The criterion adopted to design a bi-fold brochure to present your company projects for internal use would be different from the one for external use.

A well designed brochure is the best way to introduce your company to your potential customers.

A brochure has three functions:

•

Informative function: a brochure is usually used to inform your potential customers with regards to your company. This information is related to your company presentation, a new product or service that your company offers, or a recent change in your company name, etc.

•

Advertising function: a brochure is really important as an advertising tool, which attractively allows you to promote one or more products or services. For further details this function will be analyzed in the section called Advertising aspect.

•

Identification function: a well-done brochure design allows you to maintain a same criterion through all your company brochures. If this criterion (sometimes called concept) is unified in all the brochure types, it will make your company to be recognized automatically. It will give to your company prestige and credibility. It is important for your company brochure not only have a “concept”, but also to have a logo: a well designed logo is essential for any company, is one of the first steps to start an advertising campaign.

These three functions should have an interaction. The brochure should be the result of that interaction, otherwise it won’t be effective. Maybe one of those stands out more than the others, but this shouldn’t affect your brochure design. For example, if your company launches a new product and decides to have a brochure designed for this launch, the function that will stand out on your brochure would be the advertising one, even though this brochure could have information regarding the product and at the same time represent your company.

But if your company presents a project to another company’s executives, the function that would appear at the first sight in this brochure is the identification one, which makes your company to be seen secure and prestigious, while the advertising and the informative functions would be in a second place.

The brochure is very important when we talk about your corporate image. You have to discuss with your design company what would be the best brochure format to choose, since that choice is decisive if you want your company to be identified in an efficient way. An advertising brochure could be colorful and have big typography, but those characteristics aren’t the right ones for a project presentation, since that project could have a simple, austere and formal brochure design. Morphologically it’s not the same presenting a project with a tri-fold brochure than with folder with inserts. Maybe both options ate right, but you have to decide which one will be more convenient and if it will maximize your benefits.

You could find out more about this morphological aspect in the section called Brochure types, where we’ll be showing you different brochure formats.

In a few words, to plan your company brochure you have to:

•

Think about your brochure objective and function.

•

Stand out one of its functions, like informative, advertising or identification functions.

•

Check if those functions are in the brochure, even though one stands out and the others don’t.

•

Choose the right brochure format based on its objective.

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